Psychotria genus (Rubiaceae) is featured into the angiosperm, being the most speciose genus comprising approximately 1600 species. The available references demonstrate that Psychotria has several uses on traditional medicine including spiritual and cultural purposes, and presents great potential on pharmacological properties, especially the one related to neurodegenerative diseases. Despite its wide biological properties, this genus has shown complex phylogenetic analysis due to lack of chemotaxonomic information. In recent years, the interest in these plants has increased considerably and many active compounds have been isolated. Phytochemical investigations described in the literature confirmed the indole alkaloids as the major compounds and besides that, another particular chemical constituent are cyclic peptides, known as cyclotides. This present review will cover the relevant literature from 1962 until 2015, and outlines the current data on taxonomy, chemotaxonomy, traditional uses, pharmacological properties, chemical composition and ecological approach from Psychotria genus.

Objetivos: A fenilcetonúria (PKU) foi a primeira causa metabólica hereditária de retardamento mental para a qual foi desenvolvido um programa de triagem em recém-nascidos (NBS). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do NBS para a PKU e o manejo dos casos em Sergipe (SE), Brasil.Materiais e métodos: Revisamos as concentrações de fenilalanina no filtro de papel coletado do calcanhar (PKUneo) de 43.449 recém-nascidos, suas concentrações de sangue obtidas por punção venosa em indivíduos com PKUneo anormal, a idade das crianças em diversas fases do programa, a incidência da doença no período de janeiro de 2007 a junho de 2008 e o controle metabólico dos pacientes.Resultados: A cobertura da NBS/SE foi de 78,93%. A idade das crianças era de 10 ± 7 dias na coleta de PKUneo. Doze crianças foram reconvocadas com base no ponto de corte de PKUneo aos 28 ± 13 dias de idade. Destas, as concentrações de fenilalanina por venipunctura foram normais em cinco. A incidência da hiperfenilalaninemia foi 1/43.449 e de PKU foi 1/8.690 (5 casos), e um indivíduo suspeito foi a óbito. Outro óbito ocorreu na coorte em um caso de PKU confirmado. O tratamento para a PKU começou com 51 ± 12 dias. Nos quatro pacientes sob restrição de fenilalanina alimentar, o controle metabólico foi frequentemente difícil.Conclusões: PKU NBS/SE apresenta uma cobertura satisfatória e ponto de corte adequado para reconvocação e diagnóstico, mas o início do tratamento é atrasado e o controle no seguimento é frequentemente inadequado.

Objectives: Phenylketonuria (PKU) was the first inherited metabolic disease known to cause mental retardation for which a newborn screening program (NBS) was developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of PKU NBS and the management of cases in the northeastern Brazilian state of Sergipe (SE).Materials and methods: We reviewed the phenylalanine concentrations in filter-paper collected from the heel (PKUneo) of 43,449 newborns; blood concentrations obtained by venipuncture in the subjects with abnormal PKUneo; the children’s age at several phases of the program, the incidence of the disease from January 2007 to June 2008; and metabolic control of the patients.Results: The coverage of NBS/SE was 78.93%. The children’s age was 10 ± 7 days at PKUneo collection. Twelve children were recalled based on the PKUneo cutoff value at 28 ± 13 days. From these, the concentrations of phenylalanine collected by venipuncture were normal in five children. The incidence of hyperphenylalaninemia was 1/43,449, and of PKU was 1/8,690 (5 cases). One suspected subject died. Another death occurred in the cohort, in a confirmed PKU case. PKU treatment began within 51 ± 12 days of life. In the four patients under dietary phenylalanine restriction, metabolic control was often difficult.Conclusions: PKU NBS/SE has satisfactory coverage and adequate cutoff for recalling patients and diagnosis, but the onset of treatment is delayed, and follow-up metabolic control is frequently inadequate.

Estudamos os efeitos da temperatura na reprodução de Bracon vulgaris Ashmead, ectoparasitóide do bicudo-do-algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, em câmaras climatizadas, em temperaturas constantes de 20, 25 and 30ºC, umidade relativa do ar de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 14 h. As fêmeas do parasitóide produziram mais ovos a 25ºC (124,65 ovos) do que aquelas expostas a 20 (43,40 ovos) e a 30ºC (49,60 ovos). O número médio de larvas parasitadas por fêmea de B. vulgaris a 25ºC(71,75 larvas) foi maior do que a 20ºC (31,40 larvas) e 30ºC (25,15 larvas). As taxas diárias de aumento (r m) foram -0,007 a 20ºC, 0,07 a 25ºC e 0,03 a 30ºC, indicando que a temperatura de 25ºC produziu aumento de 1100 e 133% no valor de r m em relação às temperaturas de 20 e 30ºC, respectivamente. Nos programas de controle biológico do bicudo-do-algodoeiro, usando liberações inoculativas deve-se utilizar fêmeas adultasde B. vulgaris com aproximadamente 5 dias (a 25 ou 30ºC) ou 20 dias de idade (a 20ºC); quando usando liberações inundativas, utilizar fêmeas adultas de B. vulgaris , com idade entre 11 e 31 dias (a 20ºC); 9 e 29 dias (a 25ºC) ou 3 e 14 dias (a 30ºC).

This research studied the effect of temperature on the reproduction of Bracon vulgaris Ashmead, an ectoparasitoid of cotton boll weevil ( Anthonomus grandis Boheman) at constant temperatures of 20, 25 and 30ºC, 70 ± 10% RH and a photophase of 14 h. Females of the parasitoid produced a greater number of eggs when exposed to 25ºC (124.65 eggs) in relation to those exposed to 20 (43.40 eggs) and 30ºC (49.60 eggs). The number of parasitized larvae per female of B. vulgaris at 25ºC (71.75) was greater than at 20ºC (31.40) and 30ºC (25.15). The daily intrinsic rates of increase (r m) were - 0.007 at 20ºC, 0.07 at 25ºC and 0.03 at 30ºC, revealing that the temperature of 25ºC produced increases of 1,100 and 133% in the value r m in relation to temperatures of 20 and 30ºC, respectively. In programs of biological control of the boll weevil using innoculative releases, adult females of B. vulgaris with approximately five (at 25 or 30ºC) or 20 day old (at 20ºC) should be used; when using innundative releases, adult females of B. vulgaris , with ages between 11 and 31; 9 and 29 or 3 and 14 days, respectively, at 20, 25 or 30ºC should be used.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar combinações híbridas superiores nos cruzamentos entre clones-elite de Eucalyptus grandis, E. urophylla e E. saligna com clones-elite de E. camaldulensis da Aracruz Celulose S.A., por meio de cruzamentos dialélicos parciais. Para isso, as 44 combinações híbridas obtidas e mais quatro testemunhas foram plantadas de setembro a outubro de 2001, em três localidades: Aracruz, ES; São Mateus, ES; e Caravelas, BA, no delineamento de blocos casualizados com 40 repetições e uma planta por parcela. Dois anos após o plantio, foram avaliadas a circunferência à altura do peito (CAP) e a densidade básica da madeira (DEN). Os dados médios foram submetidos à análise dialélica segundo o método de Griffing (1956), adaptado por Geraldi e Miranda Filho (1988). Constatou-se que muitos híbridos foram promissores tanto para a obtenção de ganhos em CAP quanto para obter a densidade da madeira, pois associaram média e variância altas. A maior parte da variação entre os híbridos foi explicada pela capacidade geral de combinação, indicando a predominância de efeitos aditivos no controle dos caracteres.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the hybrid potential between E. grandis, E. urophylla and E. saligna clones from Aracruz Celulose S. A. with E. camaldulensis clones. To do so, six elite clones were crossed with ten E. camaldulensis clones, in a half-diallel mating design. The resulting hybrid combinations as well as the four check clones were carried out from September to October 2001, in three sites, Aracruz and São Mateus, in the Espírito Santo State, and Caravelas, Bahia State, in a completely randomized block design with single plant plots and 40 replicates. Two years later, the circumference at breast height and the wood basic density were measured. The means were submitted to a diallel analysis, according to the Griffing (1956) method, adapted by Geraldi and Miranda Filho (1988). It was observed that the diallel crossings were promising for both the wood volume and wood quality gain. The general combining ability was responsible for most of the variations between the hybrids.

A anemia falciforme, expressão clínica dos homozigotos do gene da hemoglobina S, é a doença hereditária mais freqüente no Brasil. Apesar disso, a metodologia genético-epidemiológica raramente é usada nos estudos brasileiros sobre essa alteração. No presente estudo foram analisados, por meio de um software específico, os dados de 817 heterozigotos do gene da HbS (513 homens e 304 mulheres), não consangüíneos, com idades entre 18 e 65 anos, detectados voluntariamente na cidade de Campinas, SP, Sudeste do Brasil. A constituição genômica caucasóide, negróide e indígena foi avaliada na amostra de portadores da hemoglobina S através do estudo das freqüências alélicas do sistema sangüíneo ABO e comparada com a observada na população geral da mesma cidade. A análise dos dados demonstrou que 52% dos portadores da HbS tiveram sua ancestralidade africana evidenciada pelo seu fenótipo e que 36% dos indivíduos eram procedentes do Nordeste do Brasil, sobretudo da Bahia (15%). Essa imigração interna tende a diminuir a proporção do haplótipo Bantu da hemoglobina S (mais grave) na região de Campinas, aumentando a proporção do haplótipo Benin (mais benigno). A amostra possui um componente gênico negróide de 45%, caucasóide de 41%, e indígena de 14%. Essa composição genômica é significativamente diferente da observada na população geral da mesma cidade, apresentando uma participação gênica maior de negróides e de indígenas (influência da imigração nordestina) e menor de caucasóides. A imigração nordestina e a miscigenação alteraram significativamente o perfil genético-epidemiológico dos portadores da hemoglobina S na região de Campinas, SP.

Sickle cell anemia, the clinical expression of individuals homozygous for the hemoglobin S gene, is the most frequent hereditary disease in Brazil. Nevertheless, a genetic-epidemiological approach is rarely used in Brazilian studies related to this alteration. In the present study, using a specific computer program, data from 817 (513 males and 304 females) non-consanguineous individuals heterozygous for the hemoglobin S gene were studied. The participants, with ages varying from 18 to 65 years old, live from the region of Campinas, Southeastern Brazil. The Caucasoid, Negroid and native Indian genomic backgrounds of this sample were evaluated by a study of allelic frequencies for the ABO blood group system and compared with those observed in the general population from the same city. Data analysis showed that: 52% of the hemoglobin S carriers had African ancestry as shown by their phenotypes and that 36% of the subjects came from North-eastern Brazil, most from the state of Bahia (15%). This internal migration tends to decrease the proportion of the hemoglobin S Bantu (wild) haplotype in the region of Campinas, by increasing the proportion of the Benin haplotype (milder). The frequencies of this sample were Negroes 45%, Caucasians 41%, and native Indians 14%. This genomic constitution is significantly different from that observed in the general population from the same city with greater frequencies of Negroes and native Indians and a lower frequency of Caucasians. Migration from the northeastern and miscegenation have significantly altered the genetic-epidemiological profile of hemoglobin S carriers in the region of Campinas.

In Brazil, eucalyptus breeding programs for cellulose production has used two species, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla. Nevertheless, it would be useful to introgress alleles from other species to improve wood quality and volume. The objective of this research was to evaluate the hybrid potential of elite clones of E. grandis and E. urophylla from the Aracruz Celulose Company S. A. with Eucalyptus globulus clones. To do so, six elite clones were crossed with ten E. globulus clones in a half-diallel mating design. The resulting hybrid combinations as well as the four check clones were evaluated in randomized complete block experiments with single plant plots and 40 replicates from September to October 2001 at three Brazilian sites, Aracruz and São Mateus in the Espírito Santo state and Caravelas in Bahia State. Two years later the circumference at breast height (CBH) and the wood density (WD) were measured. The means were submitted to diallel analysis according to the Griffing method (1956), adapted by Geraldi and Miranda Filho (1988). Although the number of clones involved was small, the crossings of elite clones of E. grandis and E. urophylla with clones of E. globulus were promising, especially for wood quality gains.

A biologia reprodutiva de cinco espécies simpátricas de Malpighiaceae foi estudada nas dunas costeiras da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Abaeté, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil (12º56’ S e 38º20’ W), durante o período de jul./2000 a jan./2002, e jan. a mar./2003. Foram realizadas observações sobre fenologia, morfologia, biologia floral e visitantes florais. O sistema reprodutivo foi determinado através de polinizações experimentais em campo. As Malpighiaceae são hermafroditas, possuem antese diurna e alta viabilidade polínica. A floração apresenta padrão contínuo na comunidade. Os resultados das polinizações manuais indicam que Heteropterys alternifolia e Byrsonima spp. são auto-incompatíveis e Stigmaphyllon paralias é autocompatível. Os principais polinizadores são abelhas da tribo Centridini e o principal recurso coletado foi o óleo. Não foi observado, na maioria das visitas, o uso da mandíbula na pétala guia para sustentação durante a coleta de óleo.

The reproductive biology of five sympatric species of Malpighiaceae was studied in the coastal dunes of the Abaeté Environmental Protection area, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (12º56’ S and 38º20’ W) from Jul./2000 to Jan./2002, and from Jan. to Mar./2003. Flowering phenology, morphology and floral biology were studied and floral visitors were observed. The breeding system was verified through experimental pollinations in the field. The Malpighiaceae are hermaphrodite, have diurnal anthesis and high pollen viability. The flowering presented a continuous pattern in the community. The controlled hand pollinations showed that Heteropterys alternifolia and Byrsonima spp. are self-incompatible, while Stigmaphyllon paralias is self-compatible. The main pollinators observed were bees of the tribe Centridini and the main resource collected was oil. Bees using jaws to hold themselves to the guide petal were rarely observed during oil collecting.

A study carried out in Salvador, Bahia, Northeastern Brazil, has shown a miscarriage rate significantly higher among AS women than that observed among AA controls. Considering this finding, we investigated the miscarriage rate among women cared for by the hemoglobinopathy program in the city of Araras, São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. The spontaneous miscarriage rate among 165 AS women (17%) was significantly higher than that observed among 500 AA women (10%) (p = 0.02). Taking into account only women with ages above 20 years, the miscarriage rate among 112 heterozygous AS (22%) greatly differed from that observed among 347 AA women (12.6%) (p = 0.01). These results confirm the greater tendency of spontaneous miscarriages among AS women, which might be related to a previously described maternal effect in relation to AS heterozygous women.

A Portaria do Ministério da Saúde n.º 822/01 regulamentou a triagem neonatal de vários distúrbios metabólicos, incluindo as doenças falciformes e outras hemoglobinopatias. No presente trabalho, os autores comentam vários aspectos médicos e éticos da triagem neonatal das hemoglobinopatias, o aconselhamento genético como parte da responsabilidade médica e os riscos inerentes aos programas populacionais, que merecem ser conhecidos e prevenidos pelos profissionais que atuam na área de triagem neonatal.

The government directive MS 822/01 of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, regulates neonatal screening of many metabolic disorders, including sickle cell diseases and other hemoglobinopathies. In the present paper the authors discuss various medical and ethical aspects of neonatal screening for the hemoglobinopathies, the genetic counseling as part of medical responsibilities, and the risks inherent to population programs, which must be known and prevented by the professionals committed to and working in the field of neonatal screening.

O experimento foi realizado no período de janeiro a julho de 1996, com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento de três espécies forrageiras (Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria mutica e Setaria anceps) cultivadas em vasos, sob duas situações de manejo (com e sem o corte anterior aos tratamentos) e seis diferentes condições (10, 20 e 30 dias, com e sem alagamento). Para as avaliações de crescimento, foram analisadas as produções de matéria seca de folhas, caule e material morto, em dois cortes, referentes ao primeiro crescimento e à rebrota das plantas nos vasos. Durante o período experimental, foram medidos os comprimentos dos perfilhos principais (Oliveira,1989), além do número de folhas presentes, em medições a cada sete dias, em duas plantas por vaso. Os resultados não foram diferentes nas duas situações, encontrando-se algumas diferenças para a S. anceps (espécie cespitosa). A B. mutica foi a espécie mais adaptada, não tendo modificado seu crescimento, mesmo nos maiores períodos de inundação. Essas duas espécies foram superiores à B. decumbens, pouco adaptada às inundações.

The experiment was carried out from January to July 1996 to evaluate the growth of three forage species (Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria mutica and Setaria anceps) cultivated in vases, under two handling situations (with and without being cut before the treatments) and in six different conditions (10, 20 and 30 days, with and without flooding). In order to perform the growth evaluations, the production of leaves, stem and dead material dry matter were analyzed in two cuts referring to the first growth and the new sprout of the plants in the vases. During the experimental period, two plants in each pot were measured every seven days as regards to the length of the main buds (Oliveira, 1989), as well as the number of leaves present. The results were not different in both situations. Some differences were only found for the S. anceps (a cespitose specie). B. mutica was the best-adapted species, not having modified its growth, even when submitted to the largest flooding periods. Those two species proved to be superior when compared to the B. decumbens, which did not adapt well to the floods.

Natural selection takes place while advancing generations of segregant populations of self pollinating species by the population (bulk) method. There is evidence that it maintains the individuals with greater grain yield. The question arises whether natural selection preserves the individuals which are more adapted only to the environment where the generation advance occurred, that is, if it contributes to increasing the genotype x environment interaction in the family assessment. This study was carried out to check this hypothesis in the common bean plant using families derived from a segregating population from a cross between the Carioca MG x ESAL 686 cultivars. The segregating populations increase in homozygosity was obtained by the population (bulk) method until the F14 generation, in three distinct locations in Minas Gerais state: Lavras, Lambari and Patos de Minas. Forty-seven F14:15 families were randomly taken from the population in each location and later multiplied to obtain F14:16 families. These families were jointly assessed with three controls using a triple 12 x 12 lattice design in the three locations of generation advance in the wet season of 1998/1999. All the estimated parameters showed that while advancing segregant populations by the population (bulk) method, natural selection acted to preserve the individuals which are more adapted to the environment in which they were advanced.

A viabilidade e a eficiência da implantação de um programa comunitário relativo à deficiência de desidrogenase de 6-fosfato de glicose foram investigadas em uma população brasileira (Bragança Paulista, SP). A comunidade foi abordada a partir dos seus doadores de sangue, examinando-se 4.621 indivíduos do sexo masculino e diagnosticando-se 80 portadores da alteração genética. O índice de positividade na amostra foi de 1,7%, a taxa de aceitação à orientação genética oferecida em caráter opcional atingiu 61% e a percentagem de assimilação satisfatória dos deficientes de desidrogenase de 6-fosfato de glicose quanto às informações fornecidas foi de 81%. A análise molecular demonstrou a presença quase que exclusiva na comunidade da variante A- ou Africana de desidrogenase de 6-fosfato de glicose, relativamente benigna do ponto de vista clínico. Com um baixo custo anual, foi possível diagnosticar e orientar de forma ética um número significativo de famílias com a deficiência de desidrogenase de 6-fosfato de glicose, além de iniciar a educação da comunidade a respeito do problema.

This study tested the viability and efficiency of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency program in which a Brazilian community <FONT FACE=Symbol>¾</FONT> the town of Bragança Paulista, SP (Brazil) was involved. The screening was done among blood donors and the diagnosis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was confirmed through enzymatic quantification and through electrophoresis of the enzyme. A total of 4,621 individuals were tested over a period of 36 months. A total of 80 individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency were detected <FONT FACE=Symbol>¾</FONT> 1,7% of the samples examined. The acceptance rate to the optional genetic orientation got to 61% and the percentage of good assimilation concerning the offered information was 81%. The molecular analysis demonstrated the presence, almost exclusive, in the community of the A- or African variant, a benign mutation. With a verity low annual cost, it was possible not only to make diagnosis and to advise a significant number of families with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, but also to start the education of the community towards this problem.

Foram testadas a viabilidade e a eficiência de um programa comunitário de investigação em hemoglobinopatias, focalizando estudantes de primeiro e segundo graus, de Bragança Paulista, Estado de São Paulo, (Brasil). A triagem das hemoglobinopatias foi oferecida em caráter opcional, sendo realizada pela eletroforese de hemoglobinas e exames hematológicos complementares. Em um período de 24 meses foram examinados 1.118 estudantes e 53 parentes dos mesmos, em um total de 1.171 pessoas. Foram diagnosticados 47 indivíduos com alterações hereditárias da hemoglobina ( 4,0% da amostra examinada). A comunidade de estudantes mostrou razoável receptividade ao programa, com índice geral de aceitação à realização dos exames laboratoriais de 55,4%. A investigação despertou o interesse da comunidade, levando à implantação de um serviço especializado de diagnóstico, orientação e tratamento de hemoglobinopatias hereditárias na cidade onde a pesquisa foi realizada.

This study tested the viability and efficiency of a hereditary hemoglobinopathy program in which a Brazilian community the town of Bragança Paulista, SP (Brazil) - was involved, were tested focusing school students.The screening of the hemoglobinopathies was done through optional exams for patients by using electrophoresis of hemoglobins and complementary hematological tests. A total of 1,171 individuals, including, 1,118 pupils and 53 of their relatives were tested over a period of 24 months. A total of 47 individuals with hereditary hemoglobin changes were detected - 4.0% of the samples examined. The community was fairly receptive to the program which showed a general level of acceptance of 55.4%. The study aroused the interest of the community and motivated the implantation of a special service for diagnosis, genetic counseling and treatment of the hemoglobinopathy carriers in the community where it was undertaken.